Languages and Protocols of the Web

in BUS 110

An HTML reference sheet

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) lies in the Presentation layer of the OSI Model because HTTP format web data so the user can view it. HTTP is how your web browser requests resources from a web server. There are different actions that happen:

  • GET - access/download the resource, such as view the webpage
  • POST - send some data, such as through a webform.
  • additional other HTTP request methods - link

HTTP also has response codes for each action/request:

  • 200 means “OK” or successful
  • 3xx is some sort of “redirect”
  • 400 means request was malformed
  • 403 means “forbidden”
  • 404 means “not found”
  • 5xx means server error
  • additional status codes - link

HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is the language we use to create the content and layout of web pages. We can also include Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and JavaScript for style and animation.

Reference sheet contents:

Basic HTML Structure

<html>
	<!-- a comment --> 
	<head>
		<title> your website title </title>
	</head>
	
	<body>
		<!-- the content of your website goes here -->
	</body>
</html>

Plain Text Tags

<!-- there are only six levels of headings -->
<h1> </h1>  <!-- used for main headings -->
<h2> </h2>  <!-- used for sub headings -->
<h3> </h3>  <!-- used for sub sub headings -->
<h4> </h4>  <!-- used for sub sub sub headings -->
<h5> </h5>  <!-- used for sub sub sub sub  headings -->
<h6> </h6>  <!-- used for sub sub sub sub sub headings -->

<p> your paragraph </p>

Text Formatting

<b> your bold text </b>
<strong> also bold text </strong>

<i> your italicized text </i>
<em> also italicized text </em>

<u> your underlined text </u>

<s> your striked-out text <s> 
<strike> also striked-out text </strike> 

<sup> your superscript text </sup>
<sub> your subscript text </sub>

<small> your small fineprint size text </small>
<tt> your typewriter text <tt>
<blockquote> your indented text block quote </blockquote>

<br /> <!-- starts a new line --> 
<hr /> <!-- draws a horizontal line -->

Lists

<!-- an ordered (aka numbered) list -->
<ol> 
	<li> A list item </li>
	<li> Another list item </li>
	<li> Another list item </li>
<ol>

<ol type ="A"> ... <ol> <!-- an ordered list using uppercase letters -->
<ol type ="a"> ... <ol> <!-- an ordered list using lowercase letters -->
<ol type ="i"> ... <ol> <!-- an ordered list using roman numerals -->
<ol type ="1"> ... <ol> <!-- an ordered list using numbers -->

<!-- an unordered (aka bulleted) list -->
<ul> 
	<li> A list item </li>
	<li> Another list item </li>
	<li> Another list item </li>
<ul>

<ul type ="disc"> ... <ul> 		<!-- an unordered list using whole circles -->
<ul type ="circle"> ... <ul> 		<!-- an unordered list using hollow circles -->
<ul type ="square"> ... <ul> 		<!-- an unordered list using squares -->

Images

<img src="url"> <!-- the basic image tag -->
 
<!-- <img> tag attributes -->
	src = "url" 			<!-- the URL or filename of the image -->
	alt = "text" 			<!-- the alternate text, if the image doesn't show -->
	width = "size" 			<!-- the image width (in px or %) -->
	height = "size" 		<!-- the image height (in px or %) -->
	border = "thickness" 		<!-- border thickness in px -->
	vspace = "space" 		<!-- the space above/below the image in px -->
	hspace = "space" 		<!-- the space left/right the image in px -->

<a href="url"> link text </a> <!-- the basic link tag -->

<!-- <a> tag attributes -->
	href="url"			<!-- location of the page to link to -->
	name="name" 			<!-- name of the link -->
	target="_self" 			<!-- opens link in current tab -->
	target="_blank" 		<!-- opens link in a new tab -->
	href="mailto:email" 		<!-- link to initiate an email -->

Style

For HTML-supported colors, see HTML Color Names

For HTML-supported fonts, see Web Safe Fonts.

<html>
  <head>
    
    <!-- tab icon and title -->
    <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/logo.png"/>
    <title> your page title</title>
    
    <!-- CSS -->
    <style> 
      body {
        font-family: "arial";  					/* change the font */
		background-color: yellow; 			/* change background standard color */
		background-color: #ff3399;			/* change background color using hexcode */
		background-color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.2);		/* change background color using red, green, blue, alpha levels */
		line-height: 3px;			/* change spacing between lines */
		font-size: 20px;			/* change font size */
		display: block;				/* nothing can appear on the same line as this object */
		display: inline;			/* objects can appear on the same line */
      }
	  img {
		transform: rotate(20deg)		/* rotate the image 20 degrees */
		transform: skew(20deg)			/* skew the image 20 degrees */
		transform: scaleY(1.5)			/* dilate the image's height by factor of 1.5 */
	  }
	  img:hover {
		/* describe the style of the image when the user hovers over it */ 
	  }
    </style>
  </head>

For more information on how to style your HTML tags, see w3schools CSS tutorials.

Special Characters

For a list of ISO codes.

&lt;			< - Less-Than Symbol
&gt;			> - Greater-Than Symbol
&amp;			& - Ampersand, or 'and' sign
&quot;			" - Quotation Mark
&copy;			© - Copyright Symbol
&trade;			™ - Trademark Symbol
&nbsp;			  - A space (non-breaking space)
&#??;			ISO 8859-1 character - replace ?? with the iso code

iFrames

An iframe is an HTML element that allows an external website to be embedded into your HTML document.

Some popular sources for iframes:

  • Embedding a YouTube video: tutorial link
  • Embedding a file in Google Drive: tutorial link
  • Embedding an interactive Google Map: tutorial link
  • Embedding your repl.it code: click on the Share button, then copy the HTML code in Embed.

See my repl.it HTML code here: https://repl.it/@rramnauth2220/intro

Viewing the website right here using an iframe:

General Tags

<!DOCTYPE html ... > 				<!-- Document Type Definition -->
<link />					<!-- link to other content -->

<!-- <link/> tag attributes -->
	rel="relationship" 			<!-- type of relationship to the html document -->
	http="url" 				<!-- URL or file location being linked -->
	type="type"				<!-- type of object or file, eg: text/css -->
	title="link title"			<!-- link title -->

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